When winter comes - when the day is dark and the temperature cools, those who live in the land of the four seasons seem to want to shut themselves up until the warm weather arrives.
In animals, this condition is called torpor, ie they experience a decrease in their body's function and use fat reserves in the body as energy.
Can humans hibernate in the same way?
Apart from the business of avoiding winter comfortably, this question is important regarding long-distance travel in space.
The trip to Mars, the closest planet to Earth, takes about 8 months using current technology.
If you want to visit other stars, the journey takes years even at the speed of light.
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Being in long-term torpor conditions makes this distance not too tiring for astronauts. In addition, it can save important resources.
At present, I am a neuroscientist, part of the European Space Agency team, who is conducting a study to find out whether and how to place humans in a state of stasis (stoppage of blood flow or other bodily fluids in a part of the body).
This is still an open question, but in theory, we do not dismiss this as possible.
Body temperature and metabolism
Torpor happens to fill in the blanks during certain periods. For example, certain animals do not come out when food is scarce.
Technically, this refers to certain conditions in decreasing metabolism.
That is, there is a slowing down of chemical reactions in the body to keep them alive.
Heart rate, respiration, and energy consumption decrease rapidly, as does body temperature.
When and for how long they can be in different torpor conditions for each animal, can be months or years, up to several hours per day for several months.
For example, rats and hummingbirds enter torpor in their daily lives if they want to save energy.
Other animals, such as hedgehogs and bears, can be in longer torpor conditions, usually during winter.
This is what we call hibernation.
For species that enter torpor every year, even though the conditions of the outside world are stable, this phenomenon is called mandatory hibernator.
Because large mammals such as bears and even primates, such as the large-tailed dwarf lemurs from Madagascar can hibernate show that theoretically, humans are not too large or too hungry for energy to be able to torpor.
Human evolution also does not prevent doing this; hibernation ability can be found in various types of mammals.
Hypothermia and controlled metabolism are often used in clinical practice, such as during heart surgery and after a stroke to protect tissue from damage when blood flow is reduced.
Lowering body temperature and metabolism means cells need less oxygen, allowing people to survive in conditions where there is no oxygen delivery.
This artificial cooling process in humans looks similar to torpor in animals, including decreased respiratory activity, heart rate and metabolism.
What's different is that animals seem to "know" how to enter torpor safely and spontaneously.
Meanwhile, lowering human body temperature by blocking thermoregulation (regulating body temperature so that it is stable without being affected by environmental changes) requires the help of medicines.
One of the difficulties in mimicking torpor is that we don't yet understand how animals begin and maintain the process.
Indeed there has been a lot of research studying this, but so far, few have come to conclusions.
On the one hand, torpor may be triggered by a "bottom-up" situation, starting with changes that occur in individual cells of the body at the molecular level.
But, "top-down" situations involving signals from the nervous system or hormones may also play a role.
Protect the brain
There is another important thing related to human hibernation, and this is related to the brain.
Hibernating animals, regularly, are conscious of torpor for several hours or days. But, they often spend this time with sleep, before returning to hibernation.
Likewise, animals that are aware of daily torpor usually enter a very deep sleep state.
According to scientists, although we tend to think that hibernation is like a very long sleep, torpor actually creates a state of sleep deprivation and animals need to cover their deficiencies regularly.
We can see this through animal brain wave patterns when entering torpor conditions similar to patterns when sleep deprived.
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